Article Document Academic Article Information Content Entity Continuant Continuant Journal Article Entity Entity Generically Dependent Continuant 2025-06-25T11:06:36 RDF description of Infant sex differences in human milk intake and composition from 1- to 3-month post-delivery in a healthy United States cohort - http://repository.healthpartners.com/individual/document-rn27322 19092 Annals of Human Biology Body Mass Index Infant sex differences in human milk intake and composition from 1- to 3-month post-delivery in a healthy United States cohort 2022-02-21T22:48:57.408-06:00 6 10.1080/03014460.2021.1998620 Models document-rn27322 Cohort Studies 48 <p>BACKGROUND: Macronutrient composition of human milk differs by infant sex, but few studies have examined sex differences in other milk components, or their potential modification by maternal body mass index (BMI). AIM: We compared milk intake and human milk hormone and cytokine concentrations at 1- and 3-month post-delivery and tested infant sex by maternal BMI (OW/OB vs. NW) interactions. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Data were analysed for 346 mother-infant dyads in the Mothers and Infants Linked for Healthy Growth (MILk) Study at 1- and 3-month post-delivery. Infant milk intake was estimated by the change in infant weight after test feedings. Concentrations of glucose, insulin, leptin, adiponectin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured using ELISA. Multivariable linear regression and linear mixed models were used to estimate sex main effects and their interaction with maternal BMI. RESULTS: Mean glucose concentration at 1 month was 2.62 mg/dl higher for male infants, but no difference at 3 months was observed. Milk intake and concentrations for the other milk components were similar for males and females at both time points. Associations with infant sex did not differ significantly by maternal BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Among healthy United States mother-infant dyads, appetite, and growth-regulating factors in human milk did not differ significantly by infant sex.<p> Sex Factors Breast Feeding public 32444